The interface of the R&S®ZNL is very intuitive and enables even users without deep RF knowledge to set up a measurement easily and visualize the data in all the necessary formats. The R&S®ZNL vector network analyzer offers the best matching and accuracy in its class, and its versatility makes the instrument suitable for measurements in the most challenging circumstances, be it on a test bench in a lab or outdoors. Therefore, the choice of the appropriate VNA and the correct test setup positively contributes on the production yield by ensuring low measurement uncertainty, thus decreasing the chance of false positives. Notice that for a PDN, an error of 1 mΩ can affect the outcome of a pass/fail test altogether. Vector network analyzers (VNA) offer all of the above, but the precision of their impedance measurements is proportional to the instrument’s matching and reflection or transmission accuracy Not every instrument is able to perform impedance measurements, because some cannot measure low impedances due to the lack of an appropriate dynamic range, some cannot sweep up to the desired frequency and its harmonics, and some do not have the appropriate interface to the PCB. The precise characterization of a PDN’s impedance is therefore paramount for example in PCB test and troubleshooting phases. signal integrity issues, electromagnetic field emissions, etc.). A current flowing through these resonating structures often represents a problem for the served circuits (i.e. The power rails themselves act as transmission lines, each characterized by their own inductance and capacitance. during power-on, with dynamic loads, etc.), extending its spectrum up to several hundred megahertz.Īt these frequencies, each interconnect of the PDN begins to play an active role in the power transmission, since they behave as coils or capacitors depending on their physical properties. An analysis of a PDN frequency response is meaningful because the current flowing from the VRM to the served circuits undergoes transient phases (i.e. Moreover, its impedance should ideally not increase or decrease with frequency from its nominal value. The set of all these traces characterizes a PCB’s power delivery network (PDN).ĭue to the nature of its purpose, a PDN is expected to have a characteristic impedance in the range of milliohms (mΩ). On a printed circuit board (PCB), each conductive trace that connects a voltage regulator module (VRM or DC/DC converter) to the power supply input of one or more circuits is commonly defined as power rail.
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